Chalcolithic 시대

5000 기원전 – 3000 기원전 · 12 유적지

The Chalcolithic (Copper Age) is uneven: some regions adopt copper while neighbouring ones stay Neolithic in toolkit. Use site dossiers for mines, mace-heads, and cemetery evidence rather than a single global “metal revolution” date.

이 시대의 모든 유적지

The Stone Tower of Jericho (Tell es-Sultan), c. 8500 BCE — among the world's earliest stone monuments

Country Record

Oldest Settlement in Palestine

Jericho

9600 기원전 – 700 서기

The world's oldest continuously inhabited city — a Neolithic settlement in the Jordan Valley where humans first built permanent stone structures and cultivated crops around 9600 BCE. The Tower of Jericho, erected by an early Neolithic community around 8500 BCE, is one of the earliest stone monuments on Earth, predating Stonehenge by more than 5,000 years and the Egyptian pyramids by more than 6,000.

NeolithicChalcolithicBronze Age

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Country Record

Longest Continuously Occupied Site in Iraq

Ur

3800 기원전 – 500 기원전

Ur, a major Sumerian city-state in southern Mesopotamia, flourished from 3800 BCE to 500 BCE, renowned for its massive ziggurat, opulent royal tombs, and as the traditional birthplace of Abraham.

322

ChalcolithicBronze AgeIron Age

The Loftus mound at Uruk (Warka), southern Iraq, site of the world's first city

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Country Record

Oldest City in Iraq

Uruk

5000 기원전 – 200 기원전

The world's first city — a 6-kilometre urban complex on the Euphrates in southern Mesopotamia that pioneered writing, monumental public architecture, cylinder seals, and civic organization around 3200 BCE, and whose legendary king Gilgamesh inspired the oldest surviving work of literature.

311

ChalcolithicBronze Age

Country Record

Longest Continuously Occupied Site in Iran

Susa

4200 기원전 – 1218 서기

Ancient Susa, among the world's oldest cities, flourished from 4200 BCE as the Elamite lowland capital and later a ceremonial Achaemenid center, yielding treasures like the Code of Hammurabi stele.

421

ChalcolithicBronze AgeIron Age

Excavated Neolithic buildings at Çayönü Tepesi on the Ergani plain, Diyarbakır

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Country Record

Oldest Settlement in Turkey

Çayönü Tepesi

9100 기원전 – 5500 기원전

A Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement on the Ergani plain near Diyarbakır, famous for its grill-plan and cell-plan houses, a skull building, and some of the earliest copper and malachite working in Southwest Asia. In 2026 excavators uncovered a 5 m² workshop dated 6900-6800 BCE.

211

NeolithicChalcolithic

Eroded mudbrick ruins of Mehrgarh on the Kachi plain, Balochistan

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Country Record

Oldest Settlement in Pakistan

Mehrgarh

7000 기원전 – 2500 기원전

A Neolithic and Chalcolithic mound on the Kachi plain of Balochistan, Pakistan, with aceramic farming, mudbrick houses, and early cotton and dental evidence that precedes the Indus cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.

111

NeolithicChalcolithicBronze Age

Archaeological remains of the granary and great hall at Harappa, Pakistan

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Country Record

Known by the Most Names in Pakistan

Harappa

2600 기원전 – 1900 기원전

The city that gave the Indus Valley Civilisation its name — a planned Bronze Age metropolis in what is now Pakistan that housed up to 50,000 people, featured the ancient world's most sophisticated sanitation system, and remained virtually unknown until its rediscovery in 1921.

ChalcolithicBronze Age

Painted rock shelter 8 at Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh

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Continent Record

Longest Recorded History in Asia

Bhimbetka Rock Shelters

100000 기원전 – 1000 서기

A sandstone hill of painted rock shelters in the Vindhyas of Madhya Pradesh, with occupation from the Lower Palaeolithic through historic centuries, inscribed by UNESCO in 2003.

111

PaleolithicMesolithicChalcolithic

The multi-tiered ruins and rock-cut reservoir at Dholavira, Gujarat, India

Country Record

Oldest City in India

Dholavira

2650 기원전 – 1450 기원전

The best-preserved and most sophisticated city of the Indus Valley Civilisation — a planned Bronze Age metropolis on a remote Gujarat island whose multi-tiered layout, massive reservoirs, and unique signboard inscription make it one of the most revealing archaeological sites in Asia.

ChalcolithicBronze Age

Tell es-Sultan, ancient Jericho — the 10-metre occupation mound in the Jordan Valley, Palestine

Continent Record

Oldest Settlement in Asia

Tell es-Sultan

10500 기원전 – 600 서기

The world's oldest walled settlement — a 10-metre earthen mound in the Jordan Valley preserving over 10,000 years of continuous occupation, including a Pre-Pottery Neolithic stone tower built around 8300 BCE that is the oldest known free-standing stone structure, and the Natufian base camp that may represent the world's first permanent village.

PrehistoricNeolithicChalcolithic

Concave megalithic façade of Ħaġar Qim temple, Malta

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World Record

Oldest Temple in the World

Ħaġar Qim

3600 기원전 – 2500 기원전

A free-standing megalithic temple complex on Malta’s south coast, built of soft Globigerina limestone around 3600–3200 BCE, with concave façades, oracle holes, and the “Fat Lady” statues now in Valletta. Part of the UNESCO Megalithic Temples of Malta.

111

NeolithicChalcolithic

Sakarya Valley landscape near Bilecik, northwestern Türkiye, the river corridor below Gedikkaya Cave. Not a photograph of the cave mouth or the 2026 figurines.

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Continent Record

Oldest Complex in Asia

Gedikkaya Cave

14500 기원전 – 4500 기원전

A north-facing limestone cave above the Sakarya Valley near İnhisar, Bilecik, occupied from the Epipaleolithic through the Middle Chalcolithic (c. 14,500-4,500 BCE). The 2026 season recovered about 25 limestone turtle figurines around circular stone rings.

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PaleolithicMesolithicNeolithic