Phrygian Timeline

3000 BCE – 1923 CE · 5 sites

All sites in this period

Derinkuyu

800 BCE – 1923 CE

The deepest known underground city in the world, extending 85 meters below the surface with 18 levels. It could shelter approximately 20,000 people along with livestock and food stores.

312

Iron AgeClassicalByzantine

76

Country Record

Oldest Complex in Türkiye

Kaymaklı Underground City

800 BCE – 1200 CE

The second-largest underground city in Cappadocia, with eight levels carved deep into volcanic tuff, where early Christians and local populations sheltered from invaders in a labyrinth of tunnels, churches, storerooms, and ventilation shafts.

321

Iron AgeRomanByzantine

55

Gordion

950 BCE – 200 BCE

Capital of ancient Phrygia, famous for the legend of the Gordian Knot and the monumental tumulus believed to be the tomb of King Midas. One of the most important Iron Age sites in Anatolia.

312

HellenisticClassicalIron Age

52

Aizanoi

3000 BCE – 1400 CE

Home to the best-preserved Temple of Zeus in all of Anatolia and the world's first known stock exchange inscription, this remote Phrygian city also boasts a unique combined Roman stadium-theatre — the only one of its kind.

411

Bronze AgeClassicalHellenistic

47

Pessinus

800 BCE – 400 CE

The sacred city of Cybele, the Great Mother goddess, from whose temple the Romans carried a sacred black stone to Rome in 204 BCE — an event that changed the religious landscape of the Roman world.

312

Iron AgeClassicalHellenistic

46