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Monte Albán stands on a series of artificially leveled hilltops 400 m above the Valley of Oaxaca, in southern Mexico, 9 km southwest of the modern city of Oaxaca. It was founded c. 500 BCE and served as the political and religious capital of the Zapotec civilization for roughly 1,200 years, reaching its peak population of 17,000–25,000 around 200–700 CE. The site is remarkable for several reasons: it was built on a hilltop that required massive earth-moving to create a flat platform, deliberately above and apart from the valley agricultural land — a statement of political power rather than economic convenience. The Gran Plaza (840 × 200 m) is one of the largest ceremonial platforms in Mesoamerica, flanked by temples, ball courts, tombs, and an arrow-shaped observatory building (Building J). The site's Danzante reliefs — carved stone slabs depicting naked, distorted human figures interpreted as captured warriors or sacrificial victims — are among the earliest representations of captives and conquest in Mesoamerica, and the accompanying glyphs are considered the oldest writing system on the American continent, predating Mayan script. Monte Albán was gradually abandoned between 700 and 900 CE as the Zapotec polity fragmented, and the site was later used by the Mixtec as a burial ground.