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Aspendos was an ancient Greco-Roman city in Pamphylia, located near the modern village of Belkıs in Antalya Province. The city was founded around the 10th century BCE and prospered under Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman rule.
The Theatre of Aspendos, built during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161–180 CE) by the architect Zenon, is the best-preserved ancient theatre in the world. Its remarkable state of preservation is partly due to its continuous use as a Seljuk caravanserai in the 13th century, which involved adding stonework that inadvertently protected the structure.
"The theatre of Aspendos is the best preserved in all the ancient world — it is a marvel of Roman engineering."
— Atatürk, on visiting Aspendos, 1930
The theatre seats approximately 15,000 spectators and retains its original stage building, acoustic design, and most of its seating. It continues to be used for performances today, including the annual Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival.
Beyond the theatre, Aspendos was a major commercial hub. Its acropolis features the remains of a basilica, agora, nymphaeum, and a monumental fountain connected to one of antiquity's most sophisticated pressurized water systems, delivered via a lengthy aqueduct. The city minted distinctive silver coins depicting two wrestlers, a symbol of local identity. Its prosperity was built on trade, particularly salt from the nearby Eurymedon River (modern Kopruçay) and agricultural products like wine and olive oil. The city declined in the Byzantine era, likely due to Arab raids and a shift in trade routes, but its theatre endured through Seljuk adaptation.
Beyond the theatre, Aspendos was a major economic hub, famous for its high-quality silver coinage minted from the 5th century BCE onward. The city's advanced hydraulic engineering is exemplified by its 15 km-long aqueduct, featuring a monumental inverted siphon bridge that carried water across a valley to the acropolis. This system supplied the monumental nymphaeum, baths, and fountains, showcasing Roman urban luxury. The city's acropolis features a well-preserved basilica, agora, and a striking market building (macellum), outlining a prosperous urban center. Aspendos began to decline in the 3rd century CE, likely due to silting of the Eurymedon River hindering trade and regional political instability. Its final significant use was as a Seljuk frontier outpost and caravanserai before being largely abandoned by the late medieval period.