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Laodikeia on the Lycus was one of the wealthiest cities in Roman Asia Minor, positioned at the strategic junction of major trade routes in the Lycus Valley of western Turkey. Founded in the mid-3rd century BCE by Seleucid king Antiochus II and named for his wife Laodice, the city prospered through banking, textile production (famous for its glossy black wool), and pharmaceutical manufacturing (particularly the "Phrygian powder" eye salve).
The city is one of the Seven Churches addressed in the Book of Revelation (3:14-22), where it is rebuked for being "lukewarm" — neither hot nor cold. This metaphor may reference the city's water supply: piped in from hot springs near Hierapolis and cool springs from Colossae, the water arrived at Laodikeia tepid and mineral-laden.
"I know your works: you are neither cold nor hot. Would that you were cold or hot! So, because you are lukewarm, I will spit you out of my mouth."
— Book of Revelation (c. 95 AD)
Recent Turkish excavations since 2003 have transformed understanding of the site. The stadium, one of the largest in Anatolia at over 280 meters long, has been partially uncovered. A massive sacred agora, two theatres, a nymphaeum, a bouleuterion, and multiple church structures dating to the early Byzantine period have been revealed. The Laodikeia Church, discovered in 2010, contains well-preserved floor mosaics and is among the oldest identified church buildings in western Turkey.
The city was destroyed by earthquakes in the 1st century CE but was so wealthy that it declined Roman financial assistance for rebuilding, funding the reconstruction entirely from its own resources — a fact noted with admiration by Tacitus.
