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Kaymaklı Underground City

Q: Kaymaklı Underground City은(는) 어디에 위치해 있나요?

Kaymaklı Underground City은(는) Nevşehir, Central Anatolia, 튀르키예에 위치해 있습니다.

Q: Kaymaklı Underground City의 연대는 언제인가요?

Kaymaklı Underground City의 연대는 대략 기원전 800년–서기 1200년로 거슬러 올라갑니다.

Seyfi Cem Baskin

Kaymaklı Yeraltı Şehri800 기원전 – 1200 서기

The second-largest underground city in Cappadocia, with eight levels carved deep into volcanic tuff, where early Christians and local populations sheltered from invaders in a labyrinth of tunnels, churches, storerooms, and ventilation shafts.

Iron Age Roman Byzantine Phrygian Roman+2

321

관심 55

위치

Nevşehir · Central Anatolia · 튀르키예

38.47°N · 34.76°E · 아시아

전체 지도 및 세부 정보 →Google 지도에서 열기 ↗

Depth

Eight levels extending approximately 80 meters underground

Capacity

Could shelter thousands of people with livestock and supplies

Defense

Massive circular rolling stones sealed tunnel junctions from inside

Ventilation

Dozens of vertical shafts provided fresh air to all levels

Church

Barrel-vaulted underground chapel with carved decoration

Tunnel

Reportedly connected to Derinkuyu, 9 km away

Graphite pencil sketch banner of Kaymaklı Underground City

“Kaymaklı demonstrates human ingenuity in adapting to extreme circumstances — the creation of entire cities underground in response to the threat of invasion.”

위키백과에서

Kaymaklı Underground City is the second-largest underground city in Cappadocia, with eight levels of tunnels, churches, and storerooms carved into volcanic tuff for shelter during invasions.

위키백과에서 전체 기사 읽기 →

위치

개요

Kaymaklı Underground City extends beneath the modern village of Kaymaklı in Nevşehir province, a vast subterranean complex carved into the soft volcanic tuff that defines the Cappadocian landscape. With eight known levels descending approximately 80 meters below the surface, it is the second-largest underground city in the region after nearby Derinkuyu, and together they represent one of the most remarkable feats of subterranean architecture in the world.

The origins of Kaymaklı's underground spaces likely date to the Phrygian period (8th-7th centuries BCE), when the soft tuff was first hollowed out for storage and shelter. However, the complex was massively expanded during the Roman and Byzantine periods, when the Christian communities of Cappadocia required refuge from periodic invasions and persecutions. The underground city could shelter thousands of people along with their livestock and food supplies during sieges, creating a self-contained subterranean community that could survive for months.

"The inhabitants of Cappadocia dig their dwellings underground, connecting them like the burrows of animals, and live in them with their entire households."

— Xenophon, Anabasis (c. 370 BCE)

The layout reflects careful planning despite the organic expansion over centuries. Each level served distinct functions: upper levels contained living quarters with sleeping platforms and cooking areas (identifiable by smoke-blackened ceilings), while middle levels housed storerooms for grain, wine, and oil. A church level featured a barrel-vaulted chapel with simple carved decoration. The deepest accessible levels contained water wells and additional storage, ensuring the survival of sheltering populations even during extended sieges.

Massive circular rolling stones, weighing up to half a ton, could be rolled across corridor junctions to seal off sections of the underground city. These ingenious defensive devices, operated from the inside, could be positioned quickly and were nearly impossible to move from the exterior. Narrow tunnels connecting levels served as chokepoints where a single defender could hold off multiple attackers.

CAPPADOCIA Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites. World Heritage List. Turkey. Hot Air Ballooning Cappadocia | Feridun F. Alkaya (CC0)

The ventilation system demonstrates sophisticated engineering. Dozens of vertical shafts penetrate from the surface through all eight levels, providing fresh air circulation even to the deepest chambers. Some of these shafts also served as communication channels between levels and as wells providing access to underground water sources.

A tunnel reportedly connected Kaymaklı to Derinkuyu underground city, approximately 9 kilometers away, though this passage has not been fully explored. If confirmed, it would represent an underground infrastructure network of extraordinary ambition.

중요성

Kaymaklı demonstrates human ingenuity in adapting to extreme circumstances — the creation of entire cities underground in response to the threat of invasion. The engineering achievements in ventilation, water supply, and defensive architecture are remarkable for any period, let alone one predating modern construction technology. The underground cities of Cappadocia illuminate the lived experience of early Christian communities on the frontier of empires, where the threat of persecution and invasion was a constant reality that shaped everything from architecture to social organization. Kaymaklı is a monument to resilience and the determination of communities to survive against overwhelming odds.

증거와 해석

확립된 사실과 논쟁 중인 사항을 구분합니다.

잘 확립된 사실

Eight levels of underground chambers, tunnels, and functional spaces have been archaeologically documented, carved into the volcanic tuff characteristic of the Cappadocian landscape.
Rolling stone doors, some weighing approximately 500 kg, remain in situ at tunnel junctions, demonstrating the defensive engineering of the underground complex.
A barrel-vaulted underground church with carved cross decoration confirms the complex's use by Christian communities during the Byzantine period.

학술적 추론

Phrygian-period pottery in the upper levels suggests initial excavation of the underground spaces began in the Iron Age, with massive expansion during the Christian era.
The scale of the storage facilities — grain silos, wine presses, and oil storage — suggests the underground city was designed for extended occupation during sieges lasting weeks or months.

논쟁 중인 해석

The reported 9-km tunnel connecting Kaymaklı to Derinkuyu has not been fully explored or confirmed, and some researchers question whether a continuous passage of this length exists.

발견과 발굴

1964

Opening to visitors

First four levels of the underground city were cleared and made accessible to visitors, revealing the scale and complexity of the subterranean complex.

1975

Deep level exploration

Archaeological teams explored and documented levels 5-8, identifying the church level, deep storage chambers, and additional ventilation shafts.

1995

Structural survey

Engineering survey assessed the stability of the underground chambers and identified areas requiring conservation intervention to prevent collapse.

2005

Ventilation system study

Detailed documentation of the ventilation shaft network revealed the sophisticated air circulation system that made deep-level habitation possible.

2018

New passage discoveries

Ongoing exploration identified previously unknown chambers and connecting tunnels, suggesting the known extent of the underground city may represent only a portion of the total complex.

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출처

Underground Cities of Cappadocia — Ömür Bakırer (2005)
The Subterranean Architecture of Cappadocia — Roberto Bixio et al. (2012)
Wikipedia — Kaymaklı Underground City링크

자주 묻는 질문

Kaymaklı Underground City은(는) 어디에 위치해 있나요?

Kaymaklı Underground City은(는) Nevşehir, Central Anatolia, Türkiye에 위치해 있습니다.

Kaymaklı Underground City의 연대는 언제인가요?

Kaymaklı Underground City의 연대는 대략 800 기원전 – 1200 서기로 거슬러 올라갑니다.

Kaymaklı Underground City과(와) 관련된 고대 문명은 무엇인가요?

Kaymaklı Underground City은(는) Phrygian, Roman, Byzantine, Early Christian 문명과 관련이 있습니다.

Kaymaklı Underground City이(가) 중요한 이유는 무엇인가요?

Kaymaklı demonstrates human ingenuity in adapting to extreme circumstances — the creation of entire cities underground in response to the threat of invasion.

Kaymaklı Underground City은(는) 유네스코 세계유산인가요?

Kaymaklı Underground City은(는) 현재 유네스코 세계유산 목록에 등재되어 있지 않습니다.

이전Kaunos

다음Kekova